Bombyx mori serpin 3 is involved in innate immunity by interacting with serine protease 7 to regulate prophenoloxidase activation.

A subfamily of conserved proteins called serpins plays crucial roles in various physiological functions, particularly in the activation pathway of the serine protease cascade, an essential component of insect innate immunity. Here, we found Bombyx mori serpin 3 (BmSerpin3) was most highly expressed in the fat body, and was up-regulated after exposure to bacteria, fungus and virus. Further, the expression of BmSerpin3 in the hemocytes, fat body, midgut of silkworm larvae, and BmN cells was up-regulated upon Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus (BmNPV) infection.

Lack of signal peptide in insect prophenoloxidase to avoid glycosylation to damage the zymogen activity.

Insect prophenoloxidases (PPOs) are important immunity proteins for defending against the invading pathogens and parasites. As a Type-Ⅲ copper-containing proteins, unlike Homo sapiens tyrosinases, the insect PPOs and most bacterial tyrosinases contain no signal peptides for unknown reason, however they can still be released. To this end, we fused different signal peptides to Drosophila melanogaster PPOs for in vitro and in vivo expression, respectively.

Immunometabolic regulation during the presence of microorganisms and parasitoids in insects.

Multicellular organisms live in environments containing diverse nutrients and a wide variety of microbial communities. On the one hand, the immune response of organisms can protect from the intrusion of exogenous microorganisms. On the other hand, the dynamic coordination of anabolism and catabolism of organisms is a necessary factor for growth and reproduction.

UV-induced mutagenesis of Beauveria bassiana (Hypocreales: Clavicipitaceae) yields two hypervirulent isolates with different transcriptomic profiles.

Background: The fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) can infest over 300 plant species and cause huge economic losses. Beauveria bassiana (Hypocreales: Clavicipitaceae) is one of the most widely used entomopathogenic fungi (EPF). Unfortunately, the efficacy of B.

Toxicological and transcriptomic effects in Mythimna separata (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) exposed to chlorantraniliprole and functional characterization of glutathione S-transferases.

Background: Chlorantraniliprole (CAP) is an efficient anthranilic diamide insecticide against economically important pests such as the oriental armyworm, Mythimna separata (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Resistance to CAP may develop due to enhanced enzymatic detoxification. The glutathione S-transferase (GST) superfamily in M.