Relationship among gender, depression, and needle sharing in a sample of injection drug users.

The authors explored the relationships among gender, needle sharing, and depression in a sample of 392 male and 121 female street drug users. Using the Risk Behavior Assessment (National Institute on Drug Abuse, 1991) and the Beck Depression Inventory-2 (A. T.

Hepatitis C virus and depression in drug users.

Objectives: Clinical case studies have implicated depression as a possible side-effect of interferon treatment for the Hepatitis C virus (HCV). However, because these studies generally did not include a pretreatment assessment of depression, it cannot be definitively stated whether depression is a side-effect of interferon treatment, a syndrome coexisting with HCV, or a common characteristic of individuals who are vulnerable to HCV infection. To gather more information about this issue, self-reported depressive symptomatology of drug users with HCV who have not received interferon treatment was compared to that of uninfected drug users.

Perestroika and health care in the USSR: innovations in state financing.

The budget of the USSR Ministry of Health has steadily been shrinking during the period 1960-1985 as a proportion of the standard measure of national productivity. In the age of perestroika, however, the Ministry of Health and various units within it have instituted a number of innovative attempts to increase available funds and resources on one hand, and make facilities operate more efficiently on the other. Some of these strategies include the expansion of pay polyclinics and hospitals, the institution of self-financing and cost accounting procedures, the initiation of health insurance forms of reimbursement, more control over the budget at lower levels, and the geographical reorganization of health care facilities.