Risk of obstetric anal sphincter injury associated with female genital mutilation/cutting and timing of deinfibulation.

Introduction: A greater risk of obstetric anal sphincter injury has been reported among African migrants in several host countries compared with the general population. To what degree female genital mutilation/cutting affects this risk is not clear. In infibulated women, deinfibulation prevents anal sphincter injury.

Female genital cutting in women living in Norway - consequences and treatment.

Background: Seven Norwegian hospitals offer an outpatient service for women who have undergone female genital cutting (FGC). This study presents symptoms, findings and treatment in women who were examined at the outpatient clinics in the period 2004-2015.

Material And Method: Each hospital identified patients by searching for relevant diagnostic and procedure codes.

Female genital mutilation/cutting, timing of deinfibulation, and risk of cesarean section.

Introduction: The impact of female genital mutilation/cutting on obstetric outcomes in high-income countries is not clear. In general, women with female genital mutilation/cutting type 3 (infibulation) seem to be most at risk of adverse outcomes such as cesarean section. Deinfibulation is recommended to prevent obstetric complications.

The effectiveness of surgical interventions for women with FGM/C: a systematic review.

Background: Female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C) changes normal genital functionality and can cause complications. There is an increasing demand for treatment of FGM/C-related complications.

Objectives: We conducted a systematic review of empirical quantitative research on the outcomes of interventions for women with FGM/C-related complications.

Reasons for and Experiences With Surgical Interventions for Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting (FGM/C): A Systematic Review.

Background: Because female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C) leads to changes in normal genital anatomy and functionality, women are increasingly seeking surgical interventions for their FGM/C-related concerns.

Aim: To conduct a systematic review of empirical quantitative and qualitative research on interventions for women with FGM/C-related complications.

Methods: We conducted systematic searches up to May 2016 in 16 databases to obtain references from different disciplines.