Suppression of NF-κB and downstream XBP1 by DcR3 contributes to a decrease in antibody secretion.

Decoy receptor 3 (DcR3), a soluble receptor in the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, regulates the functions of monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, and T cells. Previous studies have demonstrated that DcR3 suppresses B cell proliferation in vitro and ameliorates autoimmune diseases in animal models; however, whether and how DcR3 regulates antibody production is unclear. Using a DcR3 transgenic mouse model, we found that DcR3 impaired the T cell-dependent antigen-stimulated antibody response.

A virus-like particle assembly system for probing the HIV-1 Gag-Pol dimerization domain: supporting evidence for reverse transcriptase involvement in protease activation by influencing Gag-Pol/Gag-Pol interaction.

Unlabelled: HIV-1 protease (PR) activation is triggered by Gag-Pol dimerization. We previously reported that reverse transcriptase (RT) amino acid substitution mutations resulted in p66/51RT heterodimer instability associated with impaired PR activation, and that treatment with (, an RT dimerization enhancer) increased PR activation, suggesting RT involvement. However, the contribution of RT to PR activation via the promotion of Gag-Pol dimerization has not been corroborated.

Telomeric transposons are pervasive in linear bacterial genomes.

Eukaryotes have linear DNA and their telomeres are hotspots for transposons, which in some cases took over telomere maintenance. Here we identify several families of independently evolved telomeric transposons in linear chromosomes and plasmids of cyanobacteria and . While these elements have one specific transposon end sequence, with the second boundary being the telomere, we can show that they move using two transposon ends, likely when transiently bridged by the telomere maintenance systems.

Associations between hormone therapy use and tau accumulation in brain regions vulnerable to Alzheimer's disease.

Elucidating the downstream impact of exogenous hormones on the aging brain will have far-reaching consequences for understanding why Alzheimer's disease (AD) predominates in women almost twofold over men. We tested the extent to which menopausal hormone therapy (HT) use is associated with later-life amyloid-β (Aβ) and tau accumulation using PET on  = 146 baseline clinically normal women, aged 51 to 89 years. Women were scanned over a 4.

Pain without presence: a narrative review of the pathophysiological landscape of phantom limb pain.

Phantom limb pain (PLP) is defined as the perception of pain in a limb that has been amputated. In the United States, approximately 30,000-40,000 amputations are performed annually with an estimated 2.3 million people living with amputations.