The gill monogenean Sciadicleithrum variabilum induces histomorphological alterations in the gill tissues of the discus Symphysodon aequifasciatus.

High mortality is among the most serious problems and challenges in the ornamental fish trade. Examination of the discus Symphysodon aequifasciatus from ornamental fish hatchery revealed infestation with the monogenean Sciadicleithrum variabilum. Gill infestation with this monogenean induced serious damage to the gill lamellae, including clavate lamellae, vascular congestion in the peripheral blood vessels, lamellar blood sinus dilation, and other structural anomalies.

Apigenin Modulates AnxA6- and TNAP-Mediated Osteoblast Mineralization.

Mineralization-competent cells like osteoblasts and chondrocytes release matrix vesicles (MVs) which accumulate Ca and P, creating an optimal environment for apatite formation. The mineralization process requires the involvement of proteins, such as annexins (Anx) and tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (TNAP), as well as low molecular-weight compounds. Apigenin, a flavonoid compound, has been reported to affect bone metabolism, but there are doubts about its mechanism of action under physiological and pathological conditions.

Cell Wall Properties Determine Genotype-Specific Response to Cold in × Plants.

The cell wall plays a crucial role in plant growth and development, including in response to environmental factors, mainly through significant biochemical and biomechanical plasticity. The involvement of the cell wall in C plants' response to cold is, however, still poorly understood. × , a perennial grass, is generally considered cold tolerant and, in contrast to other thermophilic species such as maize or sorgo, can maintain a relatively high level of photosynthesis efficiency at low ambient temperatures.

Too rigid to fold: Carotenoid-dependent decrease in thylakoid fluidity hampers the formation of chloroplast grana.

In chloroplasts of land plants, the thylakoid network is organized into appressed regions called grana stacks and loosely arranged parallel stroma thylakoids. Many factors determining such intricate structural arrangements have been identified so far, including various thylakoid-embedded proteins, and polar lipids that build the thylakoid matrix. Although carotenoids are important components of proteins and the lipid phase of chloroplast membranes, their role in determining the thylakoid network structure remains elusive.

Sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS), sucrose synthase (SUS) and their products in the leaves of Miscanthus × giganteus and Zea mays at low temperature.

The changes in the expression of key sugar metabolism enzymes (SPS and SUS), sucrose content and arrangement of chloroplast starch may play a significant role in the cold response in M. giganteus and maize plants. To understand the mechanism of the chilling-response of two closely-related C plants, we investigated the changes in the expression of sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS) and sucrose synthase (SUS) as well as changes in their potential products: sucrose, cellulose and starch in the leaves of Miscanthus × giganteus and Zea mays.