Publications by authors named "S Stockinger"
Article Synopsis
- Adalimumab biosimilars entered the European market in October 2018, with significant price variations and discounts on the originator product influencing availability and market dynamics in different countries.
- The research surveyed experts across 30 European countries to assess the financing, reimbursement status, and pricing of originator adalimumab and the presence of biosimilars, noting that by May 2019, biosimilars were available in 24 of those countries.
- Overall, while the list prices of originator adalimumab generally decreased after losing exclusivity, some countries maintained their prices, and very few implemented specific policies to foster competition with biosimilars.
The Cu-free 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of cyclooctynes and azides is an up-and-coming method in bioorganic chemistry and other disciplines. However, broad application is still hampered by major drawbacks such as poor solubility of the reactants in aqueous media and low reaction rates. It is thus of high demand to devise a fast and user-friendly strategy for the optimization of reaction conditions and reagent design.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFThe intestinal mucosa forms an active interface to the outside word, facilitating nutrient and water uptake and at the same time acts as a barrier toward the highly colonized intestinal lumen. A tight balance of the mucosal immune system is essential to tolerate harmless antigens derived from food or commensals and to effectively defend against potentially dangerous pathogens. Interferons (IFN) provide a first line of host defense when cells detect an invading organism.
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- IL-22 plays a crucial role in maintaining intestinal health and promoting healing by activating STAT3, with the process involving a protein called Tyk2.
- In studies using mice suffering from colitis, a lack of Tyk2 led to changes in gut bacteria, worse inflammation, and reduced cell growth in the intestines.
- Administering high doses of a specific IL-22 protein can help counteract the negative effects of Tyk2 deficiency, highlighting Tyk2's protective role in intestinal inflammation.
The interferon (IFN)-stimulated gene factor 3 (ISGF3) transcription factor with its Stat1, Stat2, and interferon regulatory factor 9 (IRF9) subunits is employed for transcriptional responses downstream of receptors for type I interferons (IFN-I) that include IFN-α and IFN-β and type III interferons (IFN-III), also called IFN-λ. Here, we show in a murine model of dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis that IRF9 deficiency protects animals, whereas the combined loss of IFN-I and IFN-III receptors worsens their condition. We explain the different phenotypes by demonstrating a function of IRF9 in a noncanonical transcriptional complex with Stat1, apart from IFN-I and IFN-III signaling.
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