Toward a mechanistic understanding of competition in vascular-feeding herbivores: an empirical test of the sink competition hypothesis.

Recent evidence suggests that competitive interactions among herbivores are mostly indirect and mediated by plant responses to herbivory. Most studies, however, emphasize chewing insects and secondary chemistry, thus ignoring the diverse group of vascular-parasites that may be more likely to compete through induced changes in phytonutrients. Using an aboveground phloem-feeding aphid (Myzus persicae) and a belowground gall-forming nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) on tobacco plants, we assessed the importance of competition via induced host-plant sinks.

Effects of plant vascular architecture on aboveground-belowground-induced responses to foliar and root herbivores on Nicotiana tabacum.

Herbivores induce systemic changes in plant traits, and the strength of these induced responses is often associated with the degree of vascular connectivity that links damaged and undamaged plant tissues. Although this phenomenon is known to occur aboveground in leaves, it is unknown whether or not leaf-root induction similarly follows the vascular architecture of plants. To test for this possibility, we manipulated foliar and root herbivory on tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) by the leaf-chewing insect Spodoptera exigua and the root-galling nematode Meloidogyne incognita.

Physiological integration of roots and shoots in plant defense strategies links above- and belowground herbivory.

Roots play a critical, but largely unappreciated, role in aboveground anti-herbivore plant defense (e.g. resistance and tolerance) and root-leaf connections may therefore result in unexpected coupling between above- and belowground consumers.

Constitutive and induced defenses to herbivory in above- and belowground plant tissues.

A recent surge in attention devoted to the ecology of soil biota has prompted interest in quantifying similarities and differences between interactions occurring in above- and belowground communities. Furthermore, linkages that interconnect the dynamics of these two spatially distinct ecosystems are increasingly documented. We use a similar approach in the context of understanding plant defenses to herbivory, including how they are allocated between leaves and roots (constitutive defenses), and potential cross-system linkages (induced defenses).

Root-Knot and Root-Lesion Nematode Suppression by Cover Crops, Poultry Litter, and Poultry Litter Compost.

Experiments using soil-incorporated cover crops and amendments of poultry litter (PL) and PL compost to suppress root-knot (RKN) and root-lesion nematodes were conducted in response to increasing nematode populations in Maryland's potato production areas. Identical experiments were established in microplots infested with Meloidogyne incognita or Pratylenchus penetrans. Treatments consisted of 12 3-year rotational sequences comprising potato (year 1) and cucumber (year 2) followed by a moderately RKN-resistant or susceptible soybean cultivar, castor bean, grain sorghum, or sorghum sudangrass; PL or PL compost were amended to some of the RKN-susceptible soybean and sorghum sudangrass plots.