Transcranial direct current stimulation combined with visuo-motor training as treatment for chronic stroke patients.

Background: Recent studies exploring the combined effect of motor learning and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) for stroke rehabilitation have shown partially conflicting results.

Objective: To test the efficacy of an optimized hand training approach combined with tDCS in stroke patients.

Methods: In the present pilot study we investigated motor effects of four-week training with a visuomotor grip force tracking task combined with tDCS in 11 chronic stroke patients.

Tir tyrosine phosphorylation and pedestal formation are delayed in enteropathogenic Escherichia coli sepZ::TnphoA mutant 30-5-1(3).

Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) strain 30-5-1(3) has been reported to form attaching and effacing (A/E) lesions without Tir tyrosine phosphorylation. In this study, we show that 30-5-1(3), which has a transposon insertion within the sepZ gene, forms wild-type A/E lesions including Tir tyrosine phosphorylation, but at a slower rate. A/E lesion formation by 30-5-1(3) occurs without detectable secretion of Tir or other EPEC Esp secreted proteins.

Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 produces Tir, which is translocated to the host cell membrane but is not tyrosine phosphorylated.

Intimate attachment to the host cell leading to the formation of attaching and effacing (A/E) lesions is an essential feature of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) O157:H7 pathogenesis. In a related pathogen, enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC), this activity is dependent upon translocation of the intimin receptor, Tir, which becomes tyrosine phosphorylated within the host cell membrane.

High-frequency intracellular invasion of epithelial cells by serotype M1 group A streptococci: M1 protein-mediated invasion and cytoskeletal rearrangements.

A clonal variant of serotype M1 group A streptococcus (designated M1inv+) has been linked to severe and invasive infections, including sepsis, necrotizing fasciitis and toxic shock. High frequency internalization of cultured epithelial cells by the M1inv+ strain 90-226 is dependent upon the M1 protein. Invasion of HeLa cells was blocked by an anti-M1 antibody, invasion by an M1- strain (90-226 emm1::km) was greatly reduced, and latex beads bound to M1 protein were readily internalized by HeLa cells.

Trafficking of porin-deficient Salmonella typhimurium mutants inside HeLa cells: ompR and envZ mutants are defective for the formation of Salmonella-induced filaments.

Outer membrane porin genes of Salmonella typhimurium, including ompC, ompF, and tppB, are regulated by the products of ompB, a two-component regulatory locus encoding OmpR and EnvZ. S. typhimurium ompR mutants are attenuated in mice, but to date no one has studied the intracellular trafficking of S.