Computed tomographic assessment of orbital and maxillary dysmorphology in craniofacial microsomia.

Introduction: Mandibular dysmorphology is well-documented in craniofacial microsomia (CFM), but data on midface abnormalities remain limited. This study aimed to compare orbital and maxillary dimensions between the affected and unaffected sides in patients with CFM.

Methods: The retrospective cross-sectional study conducted in South Australia comprised 31 patients with CFM and 31 age- and sex-matched control patients (median age 13.

The Impact of Metformin on Weight and Waist Circumference in Patients Treated With Clozapine: A One-Year Retrospective Cohort Study.

Background: Metformin shows potential in combating clozapine-induced weight gain (CIWG). However, current evidence for its use remains limited. Through an audit we determined the prevalence of metformin use among clozapine-treated patients and its impact on weight and waist circumference (WC).

Cerebrospinal Fluid Shunts to Treat Hydrocephalus and Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension: Surgical Techniques and Complication Avoidance.

This article provides an in-depth review of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) shunts for managing hydrocephalus and idiopathic intracranial hypertension, with a focus on advanced surgical techniques and strategies to prevent complications. It examines the placement of ventricular, lumbar, peritoneal, atrial, and pleural catheters, highlighting the benefits of neuro-navigation, endoscopic visualization, and laparoscopic-assisted approaches. Evidence-based methods to reduce shunt infections, malfunctions, and overdrainage are discussed, along with a comparative analysis of shunt types tailored to individual patient needs.

Guidelines for Diagnosis and Management of Idiopathic Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus.

In 1965, Hakim and Adams described 3 patients with normal pressure hydrocephalus who responded to treatment with a ventriculoatrial shunt. Afterward the adoption of shunt treatment without clear diagnostic criteria and surgical techniques resulted in poor outcomes with significant complications. The clinical practice guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus were first published by the Japanese Neurosurgical Society in 2004 and the international guidelines were published in 2005.

Hydrocephalus Pathophysiology and Epidemiology.

Adult hydrocephalus is a common neurologic condition with an estimated prevalence of 85 per 100,000 globally, caused by abnormal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) accumulation within the cerebral ventricles. Subtypes include idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus, posthemorrhagic, postinfectious, posttraumatic, and tumor-associated forms. Its pathophysiology involves glymphatic dysfunction, neuroinflammation, vascular compromise, and impaired CSF absorption.