Phenibut: Review and Pharmacologic Approaches to Treating Withdrawal.

β-Phenyl-γ-aminobutyric acid (phenibut) is an analog of the inhibitory neurotransmitter γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) that was first synthesized in Russia in the early 1960s. It is marketed as a nootropic (smart drug) to improve cognitive performance, and to treat generalized and social anxiety, insomnia, and alcohol withdrawal. The use of phenibut is legal in the USA and it is widely available online without a prescription.

Knowledge of Kratom among Alabama Pharmacists.

Kratom () is a botanical substance whose leaves produce stimulant- and opioid-like effects. Kratom use has increased precipitously in the United States (U.S.

Limitations of fexofenadine limited sampling strategy using plasma concentrations and partial area under the concentration-time curve to estimate transporter activity in healthy adults.

Objective: Fexofenadine is a probe drug used to phenotype P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP) 1B1/3 activities. This study evaluated a limited sampling strategy using plasma concentrations and/or partial area under the concentration versus time curves (AUCs) to estimate systemic exposure and, potentially, P-gp and OATP1B1/3 activities.

Materials And Methods: Plasma concentration versus time data were obtained from 53 healthy adult participants (22 females) from four published studies.

Fexofenadine Plasma Concentrations to Estimate Systemic Exposure in Healthy Adults Using a Limited Sampling Strategy with a Population Pharmacokinetic Approach.

Background: Fexofenadine is a recommended in vivo probe drug for phenotyping P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP) 1B1/3 transporter activities. This study evaluated a limited sampling strategy using a population pharmacokinetic approach to estimate plasma fexofenadine exposure as an index of P-gp and OATP activities.

Methods: In a previous study, a single oral dose of fexofenadine (120 mg) was administered alone or in combination with grapefruit juice, Panax ginseng , or Echinacea purpurea to healthy adult participants.