The time required to achieve endotracheal intubation in dogs: a comparison of veterinary students and qualified veterinary surgeons.

Objective: To determine whether final year veterinary students take longer to perform endotracheal intubation than qualified veterinary surgeons.

Study Design: Observational cohort study.

Animals: A total of 38 healthy mesocephalic dogs undergoing general anaesthesia for a clinical purpose unrelated to this study.

Small area variation in crime effects of COVID-19 policies in England and Wales.

Purpose: The aim of this study is to examine small area variation in crime trajectories during the COVID-19 pandemic in England and Wales. While we know how police-recorded crime responded to lockdown policies at the 'macro' level, less is known about the extent to which these trends were experienced uniformly at localized spatial scales.

Methods: Longitudinal k-means clustering is used to unpick local area variation in police notifiable offences across England and Wales.

An Entrustable Professional Activities Model for Assessment of Undergraduate Competence in Anesthesia and Surgery: Performance of the Assessment Scheme and the Impact of Assessment Timing and Variation in Structure of Teaching Activities on Student Outcomes.

An entrustable professional activity (EPA) model was used to assess the anesthesia and surgery competence of year 4 students during elective neutering procedures over 3 academic years (cohort A, cohort B, and cohort C). Two competence thresholds were defined by an expert panel, the minimum acceptable standard (MAS) and the standard expected at the start of final-year rotations (SFR). The assessment scheme performed as expected, and the median level of supervision achieved by students either matched or exceeded the SFR for all EPAs except one, which matched the MAS.