Scent Detection Threshold of Trained Dogs to Hydrolat.

Dogs' () sense of smell is based on a unique anatomy and physiology that enables them to find and differentiate low concentrations of odor molecules. This ability is exploited when dogs are trained as search, rescue, or medical detection dogs. We performed a three-part study to explore the scent detection threshold of 15 dogs to an in-house-made hydrolat.

Archaic chaperone-usher pili self-secrete into superelastic zigzag springs.

Adhesive pili assembled through the chaperone-usher pathway are hair-like appendages that mediate host tissue colonization and biofilm formation of Gram-negative bacteria. Archaic chaperone-usher pathway pili, the most diverse and widespread chaperone-usher pathway adhesins, are promising vaccine and drug targets owing to their prevalence in the most troublesome multidrug-resistant pathogens. However, their architecture and assembly-secretion process remain unknown.

A new human challenge model for testing heat-stable toxin-based vaccine candidates for enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli diarrhea - dose optimization, clinical outcomes, and CD4+ T cell responses.

ClinicalTrials.gov ClinicalTrials.gov, Project ID: NCT02870751.

Archaic and alternative chaperones preserve pilin folding energy by providing incomplete structural information.

Adhesive pili are external component of fibrous adhesive organelles and help bacteria attach to biotic or abiotic surfaces. The biogenesis of adhesive pili via the chaperone-usher pathway (CUP) is independent of external energy sources. In the classical CUP, chaperones transport assembly-competent pilins in a folded but expanded conformation.