Delineating Neurosurgery Resident Development: Insights from a 10-Year National Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education Milestones and Learning Trajectories.

Background And Objectives: The Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education Milestones assessment system provides a structured framework for evaluating the developmental progression of neurosurgery residents. Understanding the variability in learning trajectories and identifying critical intervention points are essential for refining educational strategies and enhancing training outcomes. In this article, we aim to identify learning trajectories of neurosurgery residents and pinpoint pivotal junctures for potential interventions to aid residents struggling to meet expected competency levels.

Multispecies pasture diet and cow breed impact the functional lipid profile of milk across lactation in a spring calving dairy system.

This study compared the impact of 2 pasture-based feeding systems, namely a traditional perennial ryegrass (PRG) diet, and a recently introduced, more sustainable multispecies swards (MSS) diet, on the functional lipid profile of raw milk. In addition to the 2 pasture diets, the study uniquely examined the combined effects of breed, namely Holstein-Friesian (HF) or Jersey Holstein-Friesian (JFX), and lactation stage in Ireland, spanning from March to November. Bulk milk samples (n = 144 yearly) for the 4 groups examined were collected for 4 weeks per each of the 9 mo specified.

The Continuity of Adversity: Negative Emotionality Links Early Life Adversity With Adult Stressful Life Events.

Adversity that exhibits continuity across the life course has long-term detrimental effects on physical and mental health. Using 920 participants from the Dunedin Study, we tested the following hypotheses: (1) children (ages 3-15) who experienced adversity would also tend to experience adversity in adulthood (ages 32-45), and (2) interim personality traits in young adulthood (ages 18-26) would help account for this longitudinal association. Children who experienced more adversity tended to also experience more stressful life events as adults, β=.