A Comparative Analysis of the Value of HER2 Immunohistochemistry Scoring in Primary and Metastatic Breast Cancer, in the Era of HER2 "Low" Breast Cancers.

Background: In the DESTINY-B04 trial, patients with pretreated HER2 low metastatic breast cancer (defined as immunohistochemistry score of 1+ or 2+ and negative in situ hybridization) had significant survival improvement with Trastuzumab therapy.

Methods: The goal of our study was to compare the HER2 immunohistochemistry scores of paired primary and metastatic breast cancer, with emphasis on HER2 low criteria and its implications for detailed immunohistochemistry interpretation. Using the pathology database from 2011, we identified 272 cases of primary breast cancers with paired metastases.

Mild decarboxylation of neat muconic acid to levulinic acid: a combined experimental and computational mechanistic study.

Levulinic acid (LA) is a key platform molecule with current applications in the synthesis of several commodity chemicals, including amino-levulinic acid, succinic acid, and valerolactone. In contrast to existing petroleum-based synthesis pathway, biomass-derived --muconic acid (MA) offers a sustainable route to synthesize LA. Here, we show the complete decarboxylation of neat MA to LA without solvent at atmospheric pressure and mild temperature.

Streptococci Biotypes in Primary and Permanent Caries: A Case-Control Study.

Background And Aim: Streptococci, mainly mutans streptococci, are known as the causative microbes of dental caries, but there is limited clarity about their impact on the tooth level and the distribution of streptococci species in different dentition stages. This study evaluates the distribution of streptococci species in primary and permanent teeth in children and adolescents with caries.

Materials And Methods: The study population consisted of two groups: subjects with caries in primary teeth aged 2-5 years and adolescents with caries in permanent teeth aged 12-15 years.