A successful management of fungal peritonitis caused by Rhodotorula glutinis in CAPD patient, coincident with onychomycosis by Penicillium sp: Case report.

Rationale: Rhodotorula glutinis is a rare cause of fungal peritonitis in peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients. The combination treatment between aggressive PD catheter replacement and adequate antifungal treatment is crucial in managing peritonitis due to fungal infection and onychomycosis.

Patient Concerns: A 37-year-old man PD patient presented with cloudy effluent, abdominal pain, and black debris in the lumen of his PD catheter.

[Problems in the demonstration of Toxoplasma gondii in muscle tissue of sheep].

It is a known fact that sheep usually show a high level of infection with the parasite Toxoplasma gondii. Samples of five grams of muscular tissue taken from the diaphragms of forty sheep were digested with trypsin. The digested material was microscopically examined for bradyzoites of Toxoplasma using the Giemsa-staining method and a Toxoplasma-specific immunofluorescence test.

Evaluation of laboratory diagnosis of toxoplasmosis by means of an ELISA-triple test. Detection of class specific IgG, IgM and circulating antigen.

The combination of three parameters (IgG, IgM and circulating antigen) in a so-called 'ELISA triple test' was suggested for advantageous diagnosing of human toxoplasmosis. A qualitative assay was used with the following arbitrary assumptions: IgG antibodies reflect an infection, IgM antibodies reflect a recent (primary) infection and circulating antigens reflect an active infection. The three assays were performed simultaneously in one microtiter plate.

Demonstration of Toxoplasma antigen containing complexes in active toxoplasmosis.

With an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay antigen, specific circulating immune complexes (CIC) were demonstrated in experimental and human toxoplasmosis. In experimentally infected mice, CIC became demonstrable as soon as antibodies appeared after fatal infection. When a nonvirulent strain of Toxoplasma was used CIC remained detectable for several weeks.

Detection of toxoplasma antigen in tissues by means of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).

An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the detection of free toxoplasma antigens in patient sera was applied for demonstration of toxoplasmosis in tissues. Unfixed organs stored at room temperature remain antigen-positive for weeks, even when parasites are no longer demonstrable by means of direct immunofluorescence testing. Chronically infected brains, containing tenths of cysts do not react positive, whereas recently infected brains (proliferative stage) are positive, suggesting that with this ELISA method discrimination can be made between different stages of the infection.