Standard experimental paradigm designs and data exclusion practices in cognitive psychology can inadvertently introduce systematic "shadow" biases in participant samples.

Standard cognitive psychology research practices can introduce inadvertent sampling biases that reduce the reliability and generalizability of the findings. Researchers commonly acknowledge and understand that any given study sample is not perfectly generalizable, especially when implementing typical experimental constraints (e.g.

Morphological and molecular characterization of larval Echinocephalus sp. (Spirurida: Gnathostomatidae), a parasite of the greater lizard fish (Saurida undosquamis) and red porgy or common seabream (Pagrus pagrus).

Larvae of an unidentified Echinocephalus species were obtained from two fish species: red porgy or common seabream (Pagrus pagrus) and greater lizard fish (Saurida undosquamis) from the Red Sea. The prevalence of Echinocephalus sp. larvae in P.

CD28-Selective Inhibition Prolongs Non-Human Primate Kidney Transplant Survival.

Costimulation blockade using belatacept results in improved renal function after kidney transplant as well as decreased likelihood of death/graft loss and reduced cardiovascular risk; however, higher rates and grades of acute rejection have prevented its widespread clinical adoption. Treatment with belatacept blocks both positive (CD28) and negative (CTLA-4) T cell signaling. CD28-selective therapies may offer improved potency by blocking CD28-mediated costimulation while leaving CTLA-4 mediated coinhibitory signals intact.

PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS OF THE LUNGWORMS (NEMATODA: METASTRONGYLOIDEA) INFERRED USING NUCLEAR RIBOSOMAL AND MITOCHONDRIAL DNA SEQUENCES.

Phylogenetic relationships among the mammal-parasitic lungworms (Metastrongyloidea) were inferred using small- and large-subunit ribosomal DNA sequences together with 12S ribosomal mtDNA sequences. Maximum parsimony and Bayesian inference methods were used from optimal alignments and those filtered for alignment ambiguity. Analysis of 30 ingroup sequences using ribosomal DNA sequences yielded a single most parsimonious tree.