The lived experiences of frontline nurses during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic in Qatar: A qualitative study.

Aim: This study aims to explore the lived experiences of frontline nurses providing nursing care for COVID-19 patients in Qatar.

Design: Qualitative, Phenomenological.

Methods: Nurses were recruited from a designated COVID-19 facility using purposive and snowball sampling.

Organization of inhibitory feed-forward synapses from the dorsal to the ventral cochlear nucleus in the cat: a quantitative analysis of endings by vesicle morphology.

The main ascending, excitatory pathway from the cochlea undergoes synaptic interruption in the dorsal and ventral cochlear nuclei. The dorsal cochlear nucleus also forms a feed-forward circuit, which receives cochlear input and projects to the ventral cochlear nucleus by a tuberculo-ventral tract. This circuit may provide an inhibitory fringe (side bands) surrounding the center bands of the main ascending pathway.

Repeated contact with subtoxic soman leads to synaptic vulnerability in hippocampus.

Soman, an anticholinesterase and dangerous nerve agent, produces convulsions, memory impairment, and cell loss in the brain, especially in the hippocampus. Soman-induced accumulation of acetylcholine initiates mechanisms responsible for the development of incapacitating seizures. The prolonged epileptiform nature of these seizures causes the release of another excitatory neurotransmitter, glutamate, which has been linked to the toxic action of the nerve agent.

Positive modulation of alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid-type glutamate receptors elicits neuroprotection after trimethyltin exposure in hippocampus.

The alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA)-type glutamatergic receptors have been linked to survival signaling, especially when the receptors are allosterically modulated by members of the Ampakine family. While increased glutamatergic communication through AMPA receptors has been shown to protect against toxic conditions that target hippocampal subfield CA1, protection in other subfields has not been shown. Accordingly, positive modulation of AMPA receptors by Ampakine compounds CX727 and CX516 was tested for effects on trimethyltin (TMT) neurotoxicity in rat hippocampal slice cultures.

Survival signaling and selective neuroprotection through glutamatergic transmission.

In the brain, alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionate (AMPA) receptors mediate glutamatergic neurotransmission and, when intensely activated, can induce excitotoxic cell death. In addition to their ionotropic properties, however, AMPA receptors have been functionally coupled to a variety of signal transduction events involving Src-family kinases, G-proteins, and the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). In the present study, we tested whether AMPA receptors are linked to appropriate signaling events in order to prevent neuronal injury and/or enhance recovery.