Characterization of buried interfaces using Ga Kα hard X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (HAXPES).

The extension of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) to measure layers and interfaces below the uppermost surface requires higher X-ray energies and electron energy analysers capable of measuring higher electron kinetic energies. This has been enabled at synchrotron radiation facilities and by using lab-based instruments which are now available with sufficient sensitivity for measurements to be performed on reasonable timescales. Here, we detail measurements on buried interfaces using a Ga Kα (9.

Laser-Assisted Ultrafast Fabrication of Crystalline Ta-Doped TiO for High-Humidity-Processed Perovskite Solar Cells.

A titanium dioxide (TiO) compact film is a widely used electron transport layer (ETL) for n-i-p planar perovskite solar cells (PSCs). However, TiO sufferers from poor electrical conductivity, leading to high energy loss at the perovskite/ETL/transparent conductive oxide interface. Doping the TiO film with alkali- and transition-metal elements is an effective way to improve its electrical conductivity.

Role of Alkali Cations in Stabilizing Mixed-Cation Perovskites to Thermal Stress and Moisture Conditions.

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) based on organic-inorganic hybrid perovskites containing a small fraction of substituted alkali-metal cations have shown remarkable performance and stability. However, the role of these cations is unclear. The thermal- and moisture-induced degradation of FACsPbI and (FACs)RbPbI (where FA represents formamidinium, , = 0.