Cost of hospital care of women with postpartum haemorrhage in India, Kenya, Nigeria and Uganda: a financial case for improved prevention.

Objective: Access to quality, effective lifesaving uterotonics in low and middle-income countries (LMICs) remains a major barrier to reducing maternal deaths from postpartum haemorrhage (PPH). Our objective was to assess the costs of care for women who receive different preventative uterotonics, and with PPH and no-PPH so that the differences, if significant, can inform better resource allocation for maternal health care.

Methods: The costs of direct hospital care of women who received oxytocin or heat-stable carbetocin for prevention of PPH in selected tertiary care facilities in India, Kenya, Nigeria, and Uganda were assessed.

Sebaceous carcinoma of the penis: As aggressive as it is rare.

Malignant neoplasm of the penis is a rare cancer in industrialized countries but is not uncommon in India. Nearly 95% of penile cancer is squamous cell carcinoma. Malignant neoplasms of the sebaceous glands, which are mostly confined to the head and neck region, are even rarer.

Distribution of single nucleotide polymorphisms and protein domain architecture of toll-like receptor-2 in Pahari cattle (Indian non-descript indigenous breed).

Distribution of polymorphism in TLR2 gene was studied in Pahari (Indian non-descript indigenous breed) cattle of Himachal Pradesh. The complete sequence of TLR2 gene consisted of 136bp 5'-UTR, 2355bp CDS and 1316bp 3'UTR. The phylogenetic analysis revealed clustering of Indian Zebu with Bos taurus as the nearest neighbour.