Closed-loop optogenetic control of the dynamics of neural activity in non-human primates.

Electrical neurostimulation is effective in the treatment of neurological disorders, but associated recording artefacts generally limit its applications to open-loop stimuli. Real-time and continuous closed-loop control of brain activity can, however, be achieved by pairing concurrent electrical recordings and optogenetics. Here we show that closed-loop optogenetic stimulation with excitatory opsins enables the precise manipulation of neural dynamics in brain slices from transgenic mice and in anaesthetized non-human primates.

Exploring the geochemical distribution of organic carbon in early land plants: a novel approach.

Terrestrialization depended on the evolution of biosynthetic pathways for biopolymers including lignin, cutin and suberin, which were concentrated in specific tissues, layers or organs such as the xylem, cuticle and roots on the submillimetre scale. However, it is often difficult, or even impossible especially for individual cells, to resolve the biomolecular composition of the different components of fossil plants on such a scale using the well-established coupled techniques of gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. Here, we report the application of techniques for surface analysis to investigate the composition of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy of two different spots (both 300 µm × 600 µm) confirmed the presence of carbon.

A case of Solitary fibrous pleura tumor associated with severe hypoglycemia: the Doege-Potter 's Syndrome.

Solitary fibrous pleura tumor is a rare primary intrathoracic tumor of the pleura. It usually has an indolent clinical course, but sometimes it can have an aggressive behaviour. In 1930 Doege and Potter independently described this neoplasm, presenting with symptoms of hypoglycemia, hence the eponim of Doege-Potter's Syndrome.

Therapeutic approach to "diabetic foot" complications.

The series of ulcers of the lower extremities known as "diabetic foot" is a common complication of diabetes and the chief cause of admission to hospital. The causes may be numerous but the main ones are distal symmetric neuropathy and peripheral obliterative arteriopathy, often complicated by infection. In this review, the Authors, after having illustrated the main pathophysiological aspects of the diabetic foot, describe the clinical characteristics of the disease, focusing particularly on the risk of suprainfection and vascular problems.

[Etiopathogenic and clinical considerations on primary pulmonary hypertension].

Primary pulmonary hypertension is a severe condition of unknown etiology first described by Romberg in 1891. The authors review the literature with particular emphasis on new hypotheses concerning etiopathogenesis, and recent suggestions for management. The former take into account the discovery of endothelium derived relaxing factors and the identification in pulmonary arteries of a polypeptide called endothelin.