Estrogen-regulated lateral septal kisspeptin neurons abundantly project to GnRH neurons and the hypothalamic supramammillary nucleus.

While hypothalamic kisspeptin (KP) neurons play well-established roles in the estrogen-dependent regulation of reproduction, little is known about extrahypothalamic KP-producing (KP) neurons of the lateral septum. As established previously, expression in this region is low and regulated by estrogen receptor- and GABA receptor-dependent mechanisms. Our present experiments on knock-in mice revealed that transgene expression in the LS begins at P33-36 in females and P40-45 in males and is stimulated by estrogen receptor signaling.

Laser-capture microdissection for spatial transcriptomics of immunohistochemically detected neurons.

We developed a versatile 'IHC/LCM-Seq' method for spatial transcriptomics of immunohistochemically detected neurons collected with laser-capture microdissection (LCM). IHC/LCM-Seq uses aluminon and polyvinyl sulfonic acid for inventive RNA-preserving strategies to maintain RNA integrity in free-floating sections of 4% formaldehyde-fixed brains. To validate IHC/LCM-Seq, we first immunostained and harvested striatal cholinergic interneurons with LCM.

Identification and field testing of sex-attractant semiochemicals produced by male deer mice, .

Following previous reports that male deer mice, , produce chemical signals that attract conspecific females, we analysed and field-tested sex-attractant semiochemicals (message-bearing chemicals) of male deer mice. Field traps baited with urine- and faeces-soiled bedding of male mice captured adult female, but not male, mice, indicating dissemination of sex-attractant semiochemicals from the males' excreta. Analysing excreta headspace volatiles of both males and females by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry revealed that 5-methyl-2-hexanone was male-specific, and that eight other ketones (3-methyl-2-pentanone, 2-hexanone, 4-heptanone, 2-heptanone, 6-methyl-2-heptanone, 3-octanone, 2-octanone, 2-nonanone) were 2.

Field-grown tomato yield estimation using point cloud segmentation with 3D shaping and RGB pictures from a field robot and digital single lens reflex cameras.

The aim of this study was to estimate field-grown tomato yield (weight) and quantity of tomatoes using a self-developed robot and digital single lens reflex (DSLR) camera pictures. The authors suggest a new approach to predicting tomato yield that is based on images taken in the field, 3D scanning, and shape. Field pictures were used for tomato segmentation to determine the ripeness of the crop.

The nature of label-induced categories: preverbal infants represent surface features and category symbols.

Humans categorize objects not only based on perceptual features (e.g. red, rounded), but also function (e.