Stochastic and deterministic factors that shape the rumen microbiome.

At the heart of degradation of complex organic matter within the rumen are its microbes. These microbes can convert unusable organic matter into useable protein and energy sources and therefore can directly influence the animal's health, performance and utilization of feed. As such, understanding stochastic and deterministic factors that contribute toward rumen microbial assembly and persistence can provide valuable information into developing methods to improve animal health, performance, and nutrient utilization through microbiome modulation.

Utilization of Negative Chemical Ionization to Expand Nontargeted Screening of Halogenated Organics in Great Lakes Top Predator Fish.

Nontargeted screening (NTS) of halogenated contaminants in biota is part of the routine monitoring of the Great Lakes ecosystem. NTS can give insight into new chemicals with possible persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic (PBT) properties and help quantify known PBT's degradation and transformation products. The most common ionization technique for NTS is electron impact ionization (EI) due to the consistent and easily standardized fragmentation patterns.

One-Year Mortality and Hospital Readmission in Survivors of COVID-19 Critical Illness-A Population-Based Cohort Study.

Objectives: To evaluate 1-year outcomes (mortality, and recurrent hospital and ICU readmission) in adult survivors of COVID-19 critical illness compared with survivors of critical illness from non-COVID-19 pneumonia.

Design: Population-based retrospective observational cohort study.

Setting: Province of Ontario, Canada.

Prolonged versus single dose in penicillin oral challenge testing: protocols for a pilot and definitive randomised controlled trial (PROSPECTOR studies).

Introduction: Penicillin allergy labels (PALs) are reported in 1 in 10 hospitalised patients globally and associated with inferior patient, hospital and microbiological outcomes; however, the majority are incorrect and should be removed. Direct oral penicillin challenge has been demonstrated to be a safe and effective method for the removal of PALs. However, the question of whether a single dose is sufficient to ascertain true allergy status remains unanswered, with some studies suggesting that extended challenges of 3 or more days are superior for the exclusion of delayed immune reactions.