Thermally activated processes: the underlying mechanism of activated state formation.

In the present manuscript, we highlight the contradictions in the thermally activated processes theory which treats a system's activated state as a state of the phonon subsystem. We offer an alternative model, in which the activated state is treated as an electron subsystem state. The mechanism of the activated state formation is as follows: thermal fluctuations excite electrons of some particles within the activation zone.

Does the interface between individual 3D acetabular implants and host bone influence the functional outcomes in patients with severe bone loss after revision surgery?

Introduction: There is a wide range of commercially produced revision implants for adequate reconstruction of acetabular large bone defects today, however, it is not always possible to achieve long-term survival of these implants. There is an increasing number of scientific publications concerning the use of custom-designed 3D components, which make it possible not only to achieve stable fixation and connect the pelvic bones but also to restore hip joint biomechanics.

Objectives: To evaluate the positioning of 3D acetabular implants after revision hip arthroplasty and its impact on clinical and functional outcomes.

Comparing neoantigen cancer vaccines and immune checkpoint therapy unveils an effective vaccine and anti-TREM2 macrophage-targeting dual therapy.

The goal of therapeutic cancer vaccines and immune checkpoint therapy (ICT) is to promote T cells with anti-tumor capabilities. Here, we compared mutant neoantigen (neoAg) peptide-based vaccines with ICT in preclinical models. NeoAg vaccines induce the most robust expansion of proliferating and stem-like PD-1TCF-1 neoAg-specific CD8 T cells in tumors.

Toxicity in the era of immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy.

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) reinvigorate anti-tumor immune responses by disrupting co-inhibitory immune checkpoint molecules such as programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) and cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4). Although ICIs have had unprecedented success and have become the standard of care for many cancers, they are often accompanied by off-target inflammation that can occur in any organ system. These immune related adverse events (irAEs) often require steroid use and/or cessation of ICI therapy, which can both lead to cancer progression.