Oxidative and ER stress by elevated insulin biosynthesis and palmitic acid in insulin-producing cells.

The early phase of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is characterised by insulin resistance, which can initially be compensated by elevated insulin secretion. However, as postulated by the workload hypothesis, over time harming insulin requirements contribute to β-cell dysfunction and death. The mechanisms behind this transition are complex and not fully understood but involve factors such as endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress raised by gluco/lipotoxicity.

Luminal H O promotes ER Ca dysregulation and toxicity of palmitate in insulin-secreting INS-1E cells.

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) lumen is not only the major site for the assembly and folding of newly synthesized proteins but also the main intracellular Ca store. Ca ions are involved in versatile biochemical processes, including posttranslational processing and folding of nascent proteins. Disruption of ER Ca homeostasis is usually accompanied by an ER stress response that can ultimately lead to apoptosis if unresolved.

HSPB1 Is Essential for Inducing Resistance to Proteotoxic Stress in Beta-Cells.

During type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) development, beta-cells undergo intense endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress that could result in apoptosis through the failure of adaptation to the unfolded protein response (UPR). Islet transplantation is considered an attractive alternative among beta-cell replacement therapies for T1DM. To avoid the loss of beta-cells that will jeopardize the transplant's outcome, several strategies are being studied.

Hydrogen peroxide permeability of cellular membranes in insulin-producing cells.

Hydrogen peroxide (HO) plays a central role in redox signalling and in oxidative stress-mediated cell death. It is generated through multiple mechanisms at various intracellular sites. Due to its chemical stability it can reach distant sites of action.

Optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) as a new diagnostic tool in uveitis.

Background: The broad spectrum of uveitis disorders requires a multimodal imaging approach in the daily practice of an ophthalmologist. As inflammatory conditions, they have in common an alteration in leukocyte migration. In this context, optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) might be of great value for diagnosing or following up patients with these disorders.