Decompressive craniectomy in children: indications and outcome from a tertiary centre.

Introduction: The role of decompressive craniectomy (DC) is as a rescue therapy for the treatment of intracranial hypertension. The indications for the DC are variable.

Methods: The clinical details, imaging, operative findings and follow-up data of children less than or equal to 18 years of age were reviewed for more information on the children who underwent DC in the last 5 years.

Landscape of clinically actionable mutations in breast cancer 'A cohort study'.

Breast cancer (BC) is a heterogeneous disease. Numerous chemotherapeutic agents are available for early stage or advanced/metastatic breast cancer to provide maximum benefit with minimum side effects. However, the clinical outcome of patients with the same clinical and pathological characteristics and treated with similar treatments may show major differences and a vast majority of patients still develop treatment resistance and eventually succumb to disease.

Rapidly Correcting Frameshift Mutations in the Mycobacterium tuberculosis Gene Produce Reversible Ethambutol Resistance and Small-Colony-Variant Morphology.

We have identified a previously unknown mechanism of reversible high-level ethambutol (EMB) resistance in that is caused by a reversible frameshift mutation in the gene. A frameshift mutation in produces the small-colony-variant (SCV) phenotype, but this mutation does not change the MICs of any drug for wild-type However, the same mutation in a low-level EMB-resistant double mutant (MIC = 8 μg/ml) produces an SCV with an EMB MIC of 32 μg/ml. Reversible resistance is indistinguishable from a drug-persistent phenotype, because further culture of these SCV mutants results in rapid reversion of the frameshifts, reestablishing the correct open reading frame, returning the culture to normal colony size, and reversing the EMB MIC back to that (8 μg/ml) of the parental strain.

Phase variation in produces transiently heritable drug tolerance.

The length and complexity of tuberculosis (TB) therapy, as well as the propensity of to develop drug resistance, are major barriers to global TB control efforts. is known to have the ability to enter into a drug-tolerant state, which may explain many of these impediments to TB treatment. We have identified a mechanism of genetically encoded but rapidly reversible drug tolerance in caused by transient frameshift mutations in a homopolymeric tract (HT) of 7 cytosines (7C) in the gene.

Lack of association of novel mutation Asp397Gly in aftB gene with ethambutol resistance in clinical isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

To discover additional genotypic indicators for ethambutol (EMB) resistant M. tuberculosis, we studied polymorphisms in arabinofuranosyl transferase encoding genes aftA (Rv3792), aftB (Rv3805) and aftC (Rv2673) in 38 EMB resistant and 34 EMB susceptible isolates from India and a repository established by the World Health Organization (WHO) Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Disease (TDR) by DNA sequencing. The results were correlated with the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of EMB and mutations in embB (Rv3795).