Use of two- and three-dimensional echocardiography for assessment of the left ventricular outflow tract and aortic orifice areas in dogs.

Introduction/objectives: In clinical practice, dogs are screened for subaortic stenosis (SAS) using two-dimensional (2DE) and Doppler echocardiography. There is no accepted antemortem diagnostic criterion to distinguish between mild SAS and unaffected, therefore additional means of evaluating the left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) and aorta may be desirable. This study sought to determine and compare LVOT and aortic orifice areas using 2DE and three-dimensional echocardiography (3DE) in apparently healthy dogs of various breeds and somatotypes.

Common Atrium or Atrioventricular Septal Defect: What Is in a Name?

• Common atrium is characterized by complete/near-complete absence of IAS. • Common atrium frequently accompanies AVSD, although it can occur as an isolated entity. • Most AVSDs with an atrial communication have normal to near-normal atrial septal lengths.

Evaluation of intramuscular sodium nitroprusside injection to improve oxygenation in white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) anesthetized with medetomidine-alfaxalone-azaperone.

Objective: In ungulates, α-adrenergic agonists can decrease oxygenation possibly through alteration of pulmonary perfusion. Sodium nitroprusside can decrease pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) and increase cardiac output (Q˙) through vasodilation. The objective was to determine if sodium nitroprusside would improve pulmonary perfusion and attenuate the increased alveolar-arterial (a-a) gradient resulting from medetomidine-azaperone-alfaxalone (MAA) administration.

Clinical presentation, cardiovascular findings, etiology, and outcome of myocarditis in dogs: 64 cases with presumptive antemortem diagnosis (26 confirmed postmortem) and 137 cases with postmortem diagnosis only (2004-2017).

Introduction: This study describes presentation, cardiovascular abnormalities, etiology, and outcome of canine myocarditis in geographic areas not endemic for Trypanosoma or Leishmania.

Animals: Sixty-four (presumed antemortem diagnosis) and 137 (postmortem diagnosis only) client-owned dogs at two tertiary care facilities were included.

Materials And Methods: Medical records of dogs with clinical or histopathological diagnosis of myocarditis were reviewed retrospectively.