Consensus guidelines for botulinum toxin therapy: general algorithms and dosing tables for dystonia and spasticity.

Botulinum toxin (BT) therapy is a complex and highly individualised therapy defined by treatment algorithms and injection schemes describing its target muscles and their dosing. Various consensus guidelines have tried to standardise and to improve BT therapy. We wanted to update and improve consensus guidelines by: (1) Acknowledging recent advances of treatment algorithms.

[Issues of diagnostic and therapeutic use of transcranial magnetic stimulation in patients with writing cramp].

Objective: To study diagnostic and therapeutic values of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) in writing cramp (WC).

Material And Methods: Twelve right-handed patients with WC were enrolled in the study. All patients underwent low-frequency repetitive TMS (rTMS) of the premotor cortex of contralateral to affected hand hemisphere.

[Diagnostic and therapeutic issues of using transcranial magnetic stimulation in patients with writer's cramp].

Aim: To assess diagnostic and therapeutic values of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) in patients with writer's cramp (WC).

Material And Methods: Twelve right-handed patients with WC were enrolled in the study. All patients underwent low-frequency repetitive TMS (rTMS) over the premotor cortex of the hemisphere contralateral to the affected hand.

Defining spasticity: a new approach considering current movement disorders terminology and botulinum toxin therapy.

Spasticity is a symptom occurring in many neurological conditions including stroke, multiple sclerosis, hypoxic brain damage, traumatic brain injury, tumours and heredodegenerative diseases. It affects large numbers of patients and may cause major disability. So far, spasticity has merely been described as part of the upper motor neurone syndrome or defined in a narrowed neurophysiological sense.

[Unilateral posteroventral pallidotomy in the treatment of drug-induced dyskinesia in Parkinson's disease].

Objective: to determine the efficacy of unilateral posteroventral pallidotomy (PVP) in the treatment of drug-induced dyskinesia (DID) in Parkinson's disease (PD).

Material And Methods: We analyzed surgical treatment of 14 patients with PD complicated by DID who underwent unilateral PVP at the Research Center of Neurology in the period between 2012 and 2015. The clinical type of DID was mainly represented by peak-dose choreoathetoid dyskinesia, more pronounced in the distal limbs, and predominantly unilateral.