Infectious Bronchitis Virus Immune Responses in the Harderian Gland upon Initial Vaccination.

In recent years, Arkansas Delmarva Poultry Industry (ArkDPI)-derived infectious bronchitis (IB) virus (IBV) vaccines have been used to characterize the immune responses of chickens subsequent to vaccination on day of hatch or beyond. Perhaps because ArkDPI vaccines display increased heterogeneity, the results on cell immune responses have shown ambiguity. In the current study, we investigated the effects of vaccination with a highly stable and homogeneous Massachusetts (Mass)-type vaccine on days 1 or 7 of age on Harderian gland (HG) responses.

Infectious Bronchitis Virus Vaccination at Day 1 of Age Further Limits Cross Protection.

Cross-protection and immune responses elicited by infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) vaccination on Day 1 of age or at later time points were examined. Specific-pathogen-free chickens were vaccinated with a Massachusetts-type vaccine and heterologous challenge was performed with an Arkansas (Ark) -type virulent strain. In Trial 1, chickens vaccinated on Day 1 or Day 10 of age were challenged 21 days after vaccination.

Early Vaccination of Chickens Induces Suboptimal Immunity Against Infectious Bronchitis Virus.

Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is highly prevalent in broiler chickens despite extensive vaccination commonly conducted early after hatch. The effects of early vaccination on immune responses were further investigated in chickens primed at increasing ages, followed by booster vaccination with an attenuated Arkansas (Ark) Delmarva Poultry Industry-type vaccine. Results show that vaccination on day 1 of age elicits significantly lower systemic and mucosal antibody responses compared with vaccination at later time points in the life of the chicken.

Sterility and Stability Testing of Preservative-free Albuterol.

Background: Continuous albuterol administration (CAA) is commonly used in hospitalized patients for treatment of asthma exacerbations. Due to higher dose requirements, CAA requires large volumes of albuterol obtained from multidose vials containing benzalkonium chloride (BAC). BAC is a common pharmaceutical preservative and potent bronchoconstrictor, which may antagonize the bronchodilation effects of albuterol.

At the intersection of chronic disease, disability and health services research: A scoping literature review.

Background: There is a concerted effort underway to evaluate and reform our nation's approach to the health of people with ongoing or elevated needs for care, particularly persons with chronic conditions and/or disabilities.

Objective: This literature review characterizes the current state of knowledge on the measurement of chronic disease and disability in population-based health services research on working age adults (age 18-64).

Methods: Scoping review methods were used to scan the health services research literature published since the year 2000, including medline, psycINFO and manual searches.