Avian surfactant protein (SP)-A2 first arose in an early tetrapod before the divergence of amphibians and gradually lost the collagen domain.

The air-liquid interface of the mammalian lung is lined with pulmonary surfactants, a mixture of specific proteins and lipids that serve a dual purpose-enabling air-breathing and protection against pathogens. In mammals, surfactant proteins A (SP-A) and D (SP -D) are involved in innate defence of the lung. Birds seem to lack the SP-D gene, but possess SP-A2, an additional SP-A-like gene.

Can root pulp visibility in mandibular first molars be used as an alternative age marker at the 16 year threshold in the absence of mandibular third molars: an orthopantomographic study in a South Indian sample.

In many countries, the 16 years of age threshold is considered to be legally relevant according to the law. This research aims to ascertain the sensitivity and specificity of Olze et al. stages of root pulp visibility (RPV) in a sample of 760 south Indian children aged between 12 and 20 years, with an age threshold of 16 years, using receiver operating characteristic curves and area under the curve (AUC).

FOXA1 and CK14 as markers of luminal and basal subtypes in histologic variants of bladder cancer and their associated conventional urothelial carcinoma.

Invasive bladder cancer is diverse, and includes several named histomorphologies that differ from conventional urothelial carcinoma, termed "histologic variants." By transcriptional analysis, bladder cancers can be divided into luminal and basal subtypes. In this paper, we study associations between markers of transcriptional subtypes and variant histology in a retrospective cohort of 309 cystectomy specimens.