Economic burden of spinal muscular atrophy: an analysis of claims data.

: Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a rare genetic neuromuscular disease. : Characterize direct costs associated with SMA management. : Truven Health Analytics MarketScan claims data (2012-2016).

Efficacy of sodium dodecyl sulphate and natural extracts against E. coli biofilm.

The aim of this study was to determine and compare the efficacy of a standard cleaning agent, sodium dodecyl sulphate, and natural extracts from pomegranate peel grape skin and bay laurel leaf against E. coli biofilm. The biofilm was exposed for 10 minutes to three different concentrations of each tested compound.

Microwave sidebands for laser cooling by direct modulation of a tapered amplifier.

Laser cooling of atoms usually necessitates several laser frequencies. Alkaline atoms, for example, are cooled by two lasers with a frequency difference in the gigahertz range. This gap cannot be closed with simple shifting techniques.