The effectiveness of using reinforcements in the classroom on the academic achievement of students with intellectual disabilities.

The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of two kinds of reinforcements, tangible reinforcements and social reinforcements, on the academic achievement of eighth-grade female students with intellectual disabilities in the science subject. The study was an experimental method by pretest, with a control group. The participants of the study comprised 45 female students with intellectual disabilities from three different middle schools in the province of Tehran.

Selective recognition of acetate ion based on fluorescence enhancement chemosensor.

Fluorescence study of the complexation between uranyl salophen (L) and some common anions in acetonitrile-water (90:10, v/v) solution showed a tendency of L toward acetate ion (AcO-). The fluorescence enhancement of L is attributed to a 1:1 complex formation between L and acetate ion which was utilized as the basis for the selective detection of AcO-. The association constant of the 1:1 complex formation of L-AcO- was calculated as 6.

Fluorescence "Turn-On" chemosensor for the selective detection of beryllium.

A new fluorogenic method for selective and sensitive determination of beryllium using 2,6-diphenyl-4-benzo-9-crown-3-pyrane (DBCP) was developed. The proposed fluorescent probe undergoes fluorescent emission intensity enhancement upon binding to beryllium ions in MeOH/H(2)O (70:30, v/v) solution. The fluorescence enhancement of DBCP is attributed to a 1:1 complex formation between DBCP and Be(2+) ion, which has been utilized as the basis for selective detection of Be(2+) ion.

Determination of terbium in phosphate rock by Tb3+-selective fluorimetric optode based on dansyl derivative as a neutral fluorogenic ionophore.

For the first time a highly sensitive and selective fluorimetric optode membrane was prepared for determination of trace amounts of Tb(III) ions in phosphate rock samples. The Tb(III) sensing system was constructed by incorporating 5-(dimethylamino)-N'-(2-hydroxy-1-naphthoyl) naphthalene-1-sulfonohydrazine (L) as a neutral Tb(III)-selective fluoroionophore, in the plasticized PVC membrane containing sodium tetraphenyl borate as a liphophilic anionic additive. The response of the optode is based on the strong fluorescence quenching of L by Tb(3+) ions.

Fluorescence "turn-on" chemosensor for the selective detection of zinc ion based on Schiff-base derivative.

N,N'-phenylenebis(salicylideaminato) (L) has been used to detect trace amounts of zinc ion in acetonitrile-water solution by fluorescence spectroscopy. The fluorescent probe undergoes fluorescent emission intensity enhancement upon binding to zinc ions in MeCN/H(2)O (1:1, v/v) solution. The fluorescence enhancement of L is attributed to the 1:1 complex formation between L and Zn(II), which has been utilized as the basis for selective detection of Zn(II).