Bacterial Metabolism and Transport Genes Are Associated with the Preference of Drosophila melanogaster for Dietary Yeast.

Many animal traits are influenced by their associated microorganisms ("microbiota"). To expand our understanding of the relationship between microbial genotype and host phenotype, we report an analysis of the influence of the microbiota on the dietary preference of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. First, we confirmed through experiments on flies reared bacteria-free ("axenic") or in monoassociation with two different strains of bacteria that the microbiota significantly influences fruit fly dietary preference across a range of ratios of dietary yeast:dietary glucose.

Opioid Use Disorder Curriculum: Preclerkship Pharmacology Case-Based Learning Session.

Introduction: During the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic, over 93,000 Americans lost their lives to a preventable overdose. Medications for opioid use disorder (OUD) have been shown to decrease mortality in OUD but are underutilized. Through this case-based learning exercise, first-year medical students applied physiologic and pharmacologic principles to the diagnosis and treatment of OUD.

Atg27p localization is clathrin- and Ent3p/5p-dependent.

The autophagy-related protein Atg27p has been previously shown to localize to the autophagy-specific pre-autophagosomal structure (PAS) as well as to several organelles, including the late Golgi, the vacuolar membrane, and the endosome. Given that Atg27p localization to the vacuolar membrane in particular has been shown to be dependent on both its C-terminal tyrosine sorting motif and the AP-3 adaptor, and that Atg27p can be found in clathrin-coated vesicles, we set out to determine whether Atg27p localization inside cells is dependent on clathrin or on any of its cargo adaptors. We report that Atg27p localization is clathrin- and Ent3p/5p-dependent.

Atg27p co-fractionates with clathrin-coated vesicles in budding yeast.

Atg27p, a single-pass transmembrane protein that functions in autophagy, localizes to a variety of cellular compartments including the pre-autophagosomal structure, late Golgi, vacuolar membrane, as well as early and late endosomes. Its cytoplasmic C-terminus contains a tyrosine sorting motif that allows for its transport to the vacuolar membrane and an additional sequence that allows for its retrieval from the vacuolar membrane to the endosome. Since clathrin is well known to mediate vesicular transport in the endomembrane system, the trafficking of Atg27p and its tyrosine sorting motif suggested that it might be trafficked inside clathrin-coated vesicles (CCVs).

Microbiome composition shapes rapid genomic adaptation of .

Population genomic data has revealed patterns of genetic variation associated with adaptation in many taxa. Yet understanding the adaptive process that drives such patterns is challenging; it requires disentangling the ecological agents of selection, determining the relevant timescales over which evolution occurs, and elucidating the genetic architecture of adaptation. Doing so for the adaptation of hosts to their microbiome is of particular interest with growing recognition of the importance and complexity of host-microbe interactions.