Identification of the heart as the critical site of adenosine mediated embryo protection.

Background: Our understanding of the mechanisms that protect the developing embryo from intrauterine stress is limited. Recently, adenosine has been demonstrated to play a critical role in protecting the embryo against hypoxia via adenosine A1 receptors (A1ARs), which are expressed in the heart, nervous system, and other sites during development. However, the sites of A1AR action that mediate embryo protection are not known.

Transforming growth factor beta2 is negatively regulated by endogenous retinoic acid during early heart morphogenesis.

Vitamin A-deficient (VAD) quail embryos lack the vitamin A-active form, retinoic acid (RA) and are characterized by a phenotype that includes a grossly abnormal cardiovascular system that can be rescued by RA. Here we report that the transforming growth factor, TGFbeta2 is involved in RA-regulated cardiovascular development. In VAD embryos TGFbeta2 mRNA and protein expression are greatly elevated.

Prenatal diagnosis of trisomy 21 through detection of trophoblasts in cervical smears.

Background: Fetal cells exfoliate in the uterine cavity during early pregnancy and are a potential source of material for NIPD.

Aims: This study was designed to test the hypothesis that fetal cells obtained from the uterine cervix during the first trimester of pregnancy could be utilized for prenatal diagnosis of chromosomal aneuploidy.

Study Design: Fetal cells retrieved from the distal endocervical canal during the first trimester of pregnancy were hybridized with chromosome 21 specific FISH probes and analyzed with an automated fluorescence microscope.

In vivo pharmaco-proteomic analysis of hydroxyurea induced changes in the sickle red blood cell membrane proteome.

Hydroxyurea (HU) is an effective drug for the treatment of sickle cell disease (SCD). The main clinical benefit of HU is thought to derive from its capacity to increase fetal hemoglobin (HbF) production. However, other effects leading to clinical benefit, such as improved blood rheology, have been suggested.

Embryonic caffeine exposure induces adverse effects in adulthood.

The purpose of this study was to determine both the short-term effects on cardiac development and embryo growth and the long-term effects on cardiac function and body composition of in utero caffeine exposure. Pregnant mice (C57BL/6) were exposed to hypoxia (10% O(2)) or room air from embryonic days (E) 8.5-10.