Diverse Class 2 CRISPR Effectors as Active Nucleases with Expanded Targeting Capabilities.

CRISPR-Cas systems have proven effective in a variety of applications due to their ease of use and relatively high editing efficiency. Yet, any individual CRISPR-Cas system has inherent limitations, necessitating a diversity of RNA-guided nucleases to suit applications with distinct needs. We searched through metagenomic sequences to identify RNA-guided nucleases and found enzymes from diverse CRISPR-Cas types and subtypes, the most promising of which we developed into gene-editing platforms.

NHS orthodontic services in Wales: orthodontic workforce distribution and primary care commissioned activity in 2021.

Objectives 1) To ascertain the volume of primary care orthodontic activity commissioned within Wales and compare this to the 12-year-old population; and 2) To ascertain the orthodontic workforce undertaking NHS orthodontic provision within Wales and their distribution.Methods Information was gathered between September and November 2021 from multiple sources within Wales, including: Freedom of Information requests; Welsh Government statistics; orthodontic professional networks; orthodontic provider websites; health boards (HBs); and directors of primary care/contracting/commissioning.Results The HBs had varying levels of orthodontic need and commissioned activity with a significant amount of cross border activity in South Wales.

Use of 3D printing in the planning of a patient with unerupted maxillary central incisors.

Impacted central incisors are a clinical dilemma faced by orthodontists, oral and maxillofacial surgeons, paediatric and restorative dentists. Successful management requires a robust diagnosis and treatment planning process. This case report highlights the use of 3D printing to aid the treatment planning of a patient with bilateral unerupted maxillary central incisors due to two supernumerary teeth acting as a physical obstruction.

A Family of Argonaute-Interacting Proteins Gates Nuclear RNAi.

Nuclear RNA interference (RNAi) pathways work together with histone modifications to regulate gene expression and enact an adaptive response to transposable RNA elements. In the germline, nuclear RNAi can lead to trans-generational epigenetic inheritance (TEI) of gene silencing. We identified and characterized a family of nuclear Argonaute-interacting proteins (ENRIs) that control the strength and target specificity of nuclear RNAi in C.

To extract or not to extract? Management of infraoccluded second primary molars without successors.

Infraocclusion is a term used to describe a tooth which has stopped its relative occlusal growth into the arch after the period of active eruption; as a result, the tooth becomes depressed below the occlusal plane. Although many aetiological mechanisms have been proposed, ankylosis is considered the primary cause of infraocclusion. Complex cases benefit from multidisciplinary management.