Ultraviolet radiation vs air filtration to mitigate virus laden aerosol in an occupied clinical room.

Mitigation measures against infectious aerosols are desperately needed. We aimed to: 1) compare germicidal ultraviolet radiation (GUV) at 254 nm (254-GUV) and 222 nm (222-GUV) with portable high efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filters to inactivate/remove airborne bacteriophage ϕX174, 2) measure the effect of air mixing on the effectiveness of 254-GUV, and 3) determine the relative susceptibility of ϕX174, SARS-CoV-2, and Influenza A(H3N2) to GUV (254 nm, 222 nm). A nebulizer generated ϕX174 laden aerosols in an occupied clinical room (sealed-low flow).

Sleep apnea endotypes and their implications for clinical practise.

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is now recognized to be a multifactorial disorder caused by several endotypes that differ between individuals and patient populations. In order to understand the current clinical implications of OSA endotypes, this review aims to examine the current state of play in endotype measurements, endotype modification and their impact on clinical outcomes/prognosis. In summary, the field has developed multiple techniques to measure the endotypes over the last few decades.

pH-Responsive Peptide Nanoparticles Deliver Macromolecules to Cells via Endosomal Membrane Nanoporation.

The synthetically evolved pHD family of peptides is known to self-assemble into macromolecule-sized nanopores of 2-10 nm diameter in synthetic lipid bilayers, but only when the pH is below ∼6. Here, we show that a representative family member, pHD108, has the same pH-responsive nanopore-forming activity in the endosomal membranes of living human cells, which is triggered by endosomal acidification. This enables the cytosolic delivery of endocytosed proteins and other macromolecules.