Occipital nerve stimulation for cluster headache: lessons to learn from the 'voltage tuners'.

Background: Cluster headache (CH) is a significant health concern due to its major socioeconomic consequences and most patients being refractory to conventional strategies. For treatment resistant CH, occipital nerve stimulation (ONS) is considered an effective treatment option. Whereas most patients do not adjust the amplitude of the ONS system, a subset changes the amplitude on a regular basis using their remote control, and are therefore referred to as 'voltage tuners'.

Weak latitudinal trends in reproductive traits of Afromontane forest trees.

Background And Aims: Is the increase in species diversity patterns towards lower latitudes linked to reproductive traits? Plant reproductive organs influence reproductive isolation and hence species divergence. Abiotic differences between temperate and tropical regions can also directly impact on plant reproductive traits. Here we provide a novel overview of southern hemisphere, Afromontane forest tree taxonomical patterns and ask whether reproductive traits relate to latitude, while accounting for environmental (tree height) and evolutionary (biogeographical affinity) selective forces.

Twelve-Month Follow-Up of Different Dentinal Hypersensitivity Treatments by Photobiomodulation Therapy, Nd:YAG and Nd:YAP Lasers.

In this retrospective study, data for three different laser-assisted approaches for the management of dentinal hypersensitivity (DH) was collected ( = 920 teeth). In total, 387 teeth were treated with photobiomodulation (PBM) therapy with 660 nm red light laser (PBM group), 327 were treated with the Nd:YAG laser (1064 nm) and 206 were treated with the Nd:YAP laser (1340 nm). To assess the effectiveness of each treatment, a visual analogue scale (VAS) was used, where zero represented no pain at all and ten represented the greatest pain.

Where are the seeds? Lack of floral morphs prevent seed production by the tristylous in South Africa.

Reproduction is a crucial part of the successful establishment and spread of an invasive species. Invasive plants often produce seeds prolifically to spread into new ranges, yet the invasive macrophyte, L., does not appear to produce seeds in South Africa, limiting its invasive potential.