Agglomeration costs limit sustainable innovation in cities in developing economies.

Theory and evidence from developed economies suggests that innovation activities benefit from agglomeration economies associated with urban economic density. However, despite the fact that eighteen of the world's top twenty cities are in developing countries, we do not know whether agglomeration affects innovation in the same way in developing countries. We propose that, while there are still agglomeration benefits, the development path followed by cities in developing countries also creates significant agglomeration costs and these act to limit innovation.

Access to digital finance: Equity crowdfunding across countries and platforms.

Financing entrepreneurship spurs innovation and economic growth. Digital financial platforms that crowdfund equity for entrepreneurs have emerged globally, yet they remain poorly understood. We model equity crowdfunding in terms of the relationship between the number of investors and the amount of money raised per pitch.

[Ways of decreasing lethality in various forms of bradyarrhythmia].

Hospital mortality analysis in patients with different kinds of bradyarrhythmias after electrocardiopacemaker implantation operation performance was conducted. Significant haemodynamics improvement did not occur, if the patients had the pronounced coronary atherosclerosis. It was concluded that combined surgical correction of this pathology is needed.