Probiotics Modulate Host Immune Response and Interact with the Gut Microbiota: Shaping Their Composition and Mediating Antibiotic Resistance.

The consortium of microbes inhabiting the human body, together with their encoded genes and secreted metabolites, is referred to as the "human microbiome." Several studies have established a link between the composition of the microbiome and its impact on human health. This impact spans local gastrointestinal inflammation to systemic autoimmune disorders and neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Autism.

Managing discolouration in drinking water distribution systems by integrating understanding of material behaviour.

Discoloured drinking water, caused by elevated concentrations of organic and inorganic particles, is unacceptable. It occurs due to accumulation and subsequent mobilisation of material from within drinking water distribution infrastructure. Discolouration is currently partially explained by either the theories of cohesive layers or gravitational sedimentation.

Costing of strategies for long-term trunk main discolouration management.

Material continually accumulates throughout drinking water distribution systems, as a result episodic maintenance is essential to mitigate uncontrolled mobilisation leading to water quality failings. Focussing on discolouration as the primary issue observed by consumers, this risk is of particular significance in trunk mains that can supply large downstream populations. Long-term total costs are for the first time investigated here by considering future operational and capital interventions to sustain a defined hydraulic capability that limits the discolouration response.

Microbial dysbiosis in the gut drives systemic autoimmune diseases.

Trillions of microbes survive and thrive inside the human body. These tiny creatures are crucial to the development and maturation of our immune system and to maintain gut immune homeostasis. Microbial dysbiosis is the main driver of local inflammatory and autoimmune diseases such as colitis and inflammatory bowel diseases.