The Accumulation of Economic Disadvantage: The Influence of Childbirth and Divorce on the Income and Poverty Risk of Single Mothers.

This study examines how motherhood earnings penalties in combination with the cost of partner absence affect single mothers' economic well-being. Using longitudinal data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics for 1990-2015 and fixed-effects models with individual-specific slopes reveals that when needs are controlled for, the transition to parenthood is as strongly linked to reduced family income as partner absence is. I consider different routes to single motherhood and predict that income penalties will differ for women entering single motherhood at a first child's birth and for women who were married at first childbirth but later separated.

Appropriateness of tooth replacement strategies for adult patients in the United Kingdom with reduced dentitions - a modified Delphi analysis.

Objective: To develop consensus from experts in Restorative Dentistry based in the United Kingdom (UK) on the most appropriate tooth replacement strategies in adult patients with reduced dentitions using a modified Delphi analysis.

Methods: An expert panel of UK specialists (n=20) in Restorative Dentistry or Prosthodontics were asked to answer the following question: using available evidence and your clinical experience, how appropriate is each tooth replacement strategy for each clinical scenario of tooth loss in the mandible presented? Five specific clinical patterns of tooth loss were presented to panellists using clinical photographs, and using a 9-point Likert scale, they were asked to rate the appropriateness of listed tooth replacement strategies during two Delphi rounds. The target level of consensus for each statement was 70%.

Learning in a Pandemic: Primary School children's Emotional Engagement with Remote Schooling during the spring 2020 Covid-19 Lockdown in Ireland.

The COVID-19 pandemic resulted in the greatest disruption to children's schooling in generations. This study analyses primary school children's emotional engagement with remote schooling during the Spring 2020 lockdown in the Republic of Ireland, which involved one of the longest school closures among rich countries at the time. It investigates whether children's engagement with their remote schooling varied by personal and family characteristics, using data from the Children's School Lives (CSL) surveys.

Culture and the organization of infant sleep: A study in the Netherlands and the U.S.A.

This study investigates differences in the amount and structure of infant sleep in two cultural places with previously documented, divergent parental beliefs and practices. Eight-month-old infants (n = 24 per site) were recruited from towns in the Netherlands and the eastern U.S.

Information vs. inspiration: Evaluating the effectiveness of mental illness stigma-reduction messages.

Numerous countries, communities, and organizations have conducted campaigns aimed at reducing the stigma of mental illness. Using an online experiment, we evaluate the relative effectiveness of three types of campaign messages (information about the biological origins of an illness, information about the psycho-social origins of an illness, and inspirational information about the competence of those with an illness) for reducing the perceived stigma (how I think others feel) and personal stigma (how I personally feel) tied to two illnesses (depression and schizophrenia). Drawing on expectation states theories (EST), affect control theories (ACT), and past research, we expected all three messages to reduce both types of stigma, with their relative effectiveness following this order: competence > psycho-social > biology.