Brain drug delivery from the nasal olfactory region is enhanced using lauroylcholine chloride: An estimation using in vivo PET imaging.

Introduction: Intranasal (IN) administration, often referred to as nose-to-brain (N2B) drug delivery, is an attractive approach for delivering drugs to the central nervous system. However, the efficacy of this method is limited because of the small size of the nasal olfactory region, which limits the drug dosage. Using permeation enhancers could improve drug delivery from this region to the brain, though their effects are not fully understood.

The first case of primary malignant melanoma of the esophagus to achieve pathologic complete response after preoperative ipilimumab + nivolumab followed by resection.

Primary malignant melanoma of the esophagus is a rare disease with a poor prognosis. Surgical resection is common, but there is no consensus on perioperative treatment. Studies have reported the efficacy of programmed cell death-1 inhibitors (e.

Coaggregation Occurs between a Piliated Unicellular Cyanobacterium, , and a Filamentous Bacterium, .

Cyanobacteria are widely distributed in natural environments including geothermal areas. A unicellular cyanobacterium, , in a deeply branching lineage, develops thick microbial mats with other bacteria, such as filamentous anoxygenic photosynthetic bacteria in the genus , in slightly alkaline hot-spring water at ~55 °C. However, strains do not form cell aggregates under axenic conditions, and the cells are dispersed well in the culture.