Change in postgraduate medical education - how much didactic shaping is possible at all? A document analysis of the guideline regulations on specialty training 1992-2018 with a focus on surgery.

Background: The structures of postgraduate medical education are regulated by the (guideline) regulations on specialty training ((M-)WBO). This formal structure is the result of medical discourse between medical associations, specialist societies and other associations. Various developments can be seen in the WBO.

Personality traits predict the need for cognitive closure in advanced undergraduate medical students.

Background: Uncertainty in medical decision-making is a significant challenge influenced by various patient- and physician-related factors. They include physicians' clinical reasoning skills and their tolerance for uncertainty. Medical students are trained in clinical reasoning and have to learn to manage uncertainty.

Medical students' leadership competence in health care: development of a self-assessment scale.

Background: Medical leadership plays an increasing role already in early career stages. Undergraduate medical students in the transition to postgraduate education feel not well prepared for their leadership roles. While leadership curricula have been developed, instruments for students' self-assessment of leadership competences as part of their professional development are still missing.

Unnecessary diagnostic imaging requested by medical students during a first day of residency simulation: an explorative study.

Background: Physicians' choice of appropriate tests in the diagnostic process is crucial for patient safety. The increased use of medical imaging has raised concerns about its potential overuse. How appropriately medical students order diagnostic tests is unknown.