Activation of three targets by a TAL effector confers susceptibility to bacterial blight of cotton.

Bacterial transcription activator-like effectors (TALEs) promote pathogenicity by activating host susceptibility (S) genes. To understand the pathogenicity and host adaptation of Xanthomonas citri pv. malvacearum (Xcm), we assemble the genome and the TALE repertoire of three recent Xcm Texas isolates.

Acquiring complex concepts through classification versus observation.

We report six experiments that examine how two essential components of a category-learning paradigm, training and feedback, can be manipulated to maximize learning and transfer of real-world, complex concepts. Some subjects learned through classification and were asked to classify hypothetical experiment scenarios as either true or non-true experiments; others learned through observation, wherein these same scenarios were presented along with the corresponding category label. Additionally, some subjects were presented correct-answer feedback (the category label), whereas others were presented explanation feedback (the correct answer and a detailed explanation).

CRISPRi Screen Uncovers lncRNA Regulators of Human Monocyte Growth.

Long noncoding RNAs are emerging as critical regulators of biological processes. While there are over 20,000 lncRNAs annotated in the human genome we do not know the function for the majority. Here we performed a high-throughput CRISPRi screen to identify those lncRNAs that are important in viability in human monocytes using the cell line THP1.

Management of Tracheal Surgery Complications and Redo Tracheal Surgery.

Tracheal surgery is associated with low mortality but substantial morbidity. Major complications after tracheal and laryngotracheal resection and reconstruction may affect a significant percentage of patients. Anastomotic complications include granulations, dehiscence, and recurrent stenoses.