Does Risk of Hyperhomocysteinemia Depend on Thiol-Disulfide Exchange Reactions of Albumin and Homocysteine?

Increased plasma concentrations of total homocysteine (tHcy; mild-moderate hyperhomocysteinemia: 15-50 μ tHcy) are considered an independent risk factor for the onset/progression of various diseases, but it is not known about how the increase in tHcy causes pathological conditions. Reduced homocysteine (HSH ∼1% of tHcy) is presumed to be toxic, unlike homocystine (∼9%) and mixed disulfide between homocysteine and albumin (HSS-ALB; homocysteine [Hcy]-albumin mixed disulfide, ∼90%). This and other notions make it difficult to explain the pathogenicity of Hcy because: (i) lowering tHcy does not improve pathological outcomes; (ii) damage due to HSH usually emerges at supraphysiological doses; and (iii) it is not known why tiny increments in plasma concentrations of HSH can be pathological.

The involvement of IgH enhancer HS1.2 in the pathogenesis of Crohn's disease: how the immune system can influence a multifactorial disease.

Objective: To study the 3' immunoglobulin heavy-chain regulatory region (3'RR) enhancer complex, active in class switching recombination and in B-cells, in Crohn's disease.

Patients And Methods: A total of 167 patients [79 females (47.3%) and 88 males (52.

Key Role of DAMP in Inflammation, Cancer, and Tissue Repair.

Purpose: This review aimed to take stock of the current status of research on damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP) protein. We discuss the Janus-faced role of DAMP molecules in inflammation, cancer, and tissue repair. The high-mobility group box (HMGB)-1 and adenosine triphosphate proteins are well-known DAMP molecules and have been primarily associated with inflammation.

Homocysteinemia control by cysteine in cerebral vascular patients after methionine loading test: evidences in physiological and pathological conditions in cerebro-vascular and multiple sclerosis patients.

The toxicity risk of hyperhomocysteinemia is prevented through thiol drug administration which reduces plasma total homocysteine (tHcy) concentrations by activating thiol exchange reactions. Assuming that cysteine (Cys) is a homocysteinemia regulator, the hypothesis was verified in healthy and pathological individuals after the methionine loading test (MLT). The plasma variations of redox species of Cys, Hcy, cysteinylglycine, glutathione and albumin (reduced, HS-ALB, and at mixed disulfide, XSS-ALB) were compared in patients with cerebral small vessels disease (CSVD) (n = 11), multiple sclerosis (MS) (n = 12) and healthy controls (n = 11) at 2-4-6 h after MLT.

Central and Mucosal Immunities are Modified by Non Adsorbable Antibiotic Treatment in Uncomplicated Diverticular Disease.

We review our experience on Rifaximin in uncomplicated diverticular disease. Our data show that a 2 week treatment induces modifications in the immune system: local mucosal lymphocytes with TLR-4 were increased. In the peripheral blood CD103 cells, which increased before treatment, returned to normal values after Rifaximin.