Ruptured Splenic Artery Pseudoaneurysm Causing Hemorrhage Into a Pancreatic Pseudocyst.

This case report describes fatal exsanguination due to splenic artery hemorrhage into a pancreatic pseudocyst with cystogastrostomy in a 46-year-old woman. The decedent had a complicated medical history including necrotizing pancreatitis, giant pseudocyst formation after cystogastrostomy procedure, and coiling of a hemorrhagic splenic artery. While hospitalized, she underwent embolization of a ruptured splenic artery pseudoaneurysm.

Immunomodulatory regulation by heat-labile enterotoxins and potential therapeutic applications.

: Heat-labile enterotoxins (HLTs) and their cognate ganglioside receptors have been extensively studied because of their therapeutic potential. Gangliosides play arole in modulating effector cells of the immune system, and HLTs provide a novel means for stimulating ganglioside-mediated responses in immunocompetent cells.: To evaluate the mechanisms of HLT adjuvanticity, a systemic literature review was performed using relevant keyword searches of the PubMed database, accessing literature published as recently as late 2020.