Neural networks for large eddy simulations of wall-bounded turbulence: numerical experiments and challenges.

We examine the application of neural network-based methods to improve the accuracy of large eddy simulations of incompressible turbulent flows. The networks are trained to learn a mapping between flow features and the subgrid scales, and applied locally and instantaneously-in the same way as traditional physics-based subgrid closures. Models that use only the local resolved strain rate are poorly correlated with the actual subgrid forces obtained from filtering direct numerical simulation data.

Support for inadvertent undereating in female adolescent athletes with clinical indicators of low energy availability.

Objectives: This study evaluated pathways to low energy availability in a sample of female adolescent athletes (n = 464).

Design: Cross-sectional.

Methods: Participants (age 13-18 y) underwent assessments for height, weight, eating attitudes and behaviors, and menstrual function.

Placental cell type deconvolution reveals that cell proportions drive preeclampsia gene expression differences.

The placenta mediates adverse pregnancy outcomes, including preeclampsia, which is characterized by gestational hypertension and proteinuria. Placental cell type heterogeneity in preeclampsia is not well-understood and limits mechanistic interpretation of bulk gene expression measures. We generated single-cell RNA-sequencing samples for integration with existing data to create the largest deconvolution reference of 19 fetal and 8 maternal cell types from placental villous tissue (n = 9 biological replicates) at term (n = 40,494 cells).

Probing prenatal bisphenol exposures and tissue-specific DNA methylation responses in cord blood, cord tissue, and placenta.

The early-gestational fetal epigenome establishes the landscape for fetal development and is susceptible to disruption via environmental stressors including chemical exposures. Research has explored how cell- and tissue-type-specific epigenomic signatures contribute to human disease, but how the epigenome in each tissue comparatively responds to environmental exposures is largely unknown. This pilot study compared DNA methylation in four previously identified genes across matched cord blood (CB), cord tissue (CT), and placental (PL) samples from 28 mother-infant pairs in tthe Michigan Mother Infant Pairs study; evaluated association between prenatal exposure to bisphenols (BPA, BPF, and BPS) and DNA methylation (DNAm) by tissue type; compared epigenome-wide DNAm of CB and PL; and explored associations between prenatal bisphenol exposures and epigenome-wide DNAm in PL.

Intestinal commensal microbiota and cytokines regulate Fut2 Paneth cells for gut defense.

Paneth cells are intestinal epithelial cells that release antimicrobial peptides, such as α-defensin as part of host defense. Together with mesenchymal cells, Paneth cells provide niche factors for epithelial stem cell homeostasis. Here, we report two subtypes of murine Paneth cells, differentiated by their production and utilization of fucosyltransferase 2 (Fut2), which regulates α(1,2)fucosylation to create cohabitation niches for commensal bacteria and prevent invasion of the intestine by pathogenic bacteria.