Improvement in the Palladium-Catalyzed Miyaura Borylation Reaction by Optimization of the Base: Scope and Mechanistic Study.

Aryl boronic acids and esters are important building blocks in API synthesis. The palladium-catalyzed Suzuki-Miyaura borylation is the most common method for their preparation. This paper describes an improvement of the current reaction conditions.

Loci harboring genes with important role in drought and related abiotic stress responses in flax revealed by multiple GWAS models.

QTNs associated with drought tolerance traits and indices were identified in a flax mini-core collection through multiple GWAS models and phenotyping at multiple locations under irrigated and non-irrigated field conditions. Drought is a critical phenomenon challenging today's agricultural sector. Crop varieties adapted to moisture deficit are becoming vital.

Do 7-year-old children understand social leverage?

Individuals with an advantageous position during a negotiation possess leverage over their partners. Several studies with adults have investigated how leverage can influence the coordination strategies of individuals when conflicts of interest arise. In this study, we explored how pairs of 7-year-old children solved a coordination game (based on the Snowdrift scenario) when one child had leverage over the other child.

The strategies used by chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and children (Homo sapiens) to solve a simple coordination problem.

One of the challenges of collaboration is to coordinate decisions with others, and recent theories have proposed that humans, in particular, evolved skills to address this challenge. To test this hypothesis, we compared the coordination abilities of 4-year-old children and chimpanzees with a simple coordination problem. To retrieve a reward from a "puzzle box," pairs of individuals were simply required to choose the same 1 of 4 options.

How animals collaborate: Underlying proximate mechanisms.

Collaboration or social interactions in which two or more individuals coordinate their behavior to produce outcomes from which both individuals benefit are common in nature. Individuals from many species hunt together, defend their territory, and form coalitions in intragroup competition. However, we still know very little about the proximate mechanisms underlying these behaviors.