Correction to: Combination Glucose-Lowering Therapy Plans in T2DM: Case-Based Considerations.

The article "Combination Glucose-Lowering Therapy Plans in T2DM: Case-Based Considerations".

Combination Glucose-Lowering Therapy Plans in T2DM: Case-Based Considerations.

Unlabelled: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a complex disease, and while lifestyle interventions remain the cornerstone of therapy, most patients will also require pharmacotherapy. Current diabetes treatment guidelines and algorithms recommend an individualized approach to setting glycemic goals and selecting treatment. Although a single antihyperglycemic agent may be appropriate as the initial T2DM pharmacotherapy, the progressive nature of the disease due to declining pancreatic β-cell function will result in the vast majority of T2DM patients eventually requiring two or more antihyperglycemic agents.

A p53-Pax2 pathway in kidney development: implications for nephrogenesis.

Congenital reduction in nephron number (renal hypoplasia) is a predisposing factor for chronic kidney disease and hypertension. Despite identification of specific genes and pathways in nephrogenesis, determinants of final nephron endowment are poorly understood. Here, we report that mice with germ-line p53 deletion (p53(-/-)) manifest renal hypoplasia; the phenotype can be recapitulated by conditional deletion of p53 from renal progenitors in the cap mesenchyme (CM(p53-/-)).

Histone deacetylase (HDAC) activity is critical for embryonic kidney gene expression, growth, and differentiation.

Histone deacetylases (HDACs) regulate fundamental biological processes such as cellular proliferation, differentiation, and survival via genomic and nongenomic effects. This study examined the importance of HDAC activity in the regulation of gene expression and differentiation of the developing mouse kidney. Class I HDAC1-3 and class II HDAC4, -7, and -9 genes are developmentally regulated.

p53 regulates metanephric development.

p53 is best known as a tumor suppressor that regulates cell-cycle, differentiation, and apoptosis pathways, but its potential role in embryonic development and organogenesis remains controversial. Here, p53(-/-) embryos bred on C57Bl6 background exhibited a spectrum of congenital abnormalities of the kidney and urinary tract, including ureteric bud (UB) ectopia, double ureters/collecting systems, delayed primary branching of the UB, and hypoplastic metanephroi. We observed ectopic UB outgrowth from the Wolffian duct (WD) in one third of p53(-/-) embryos.