William Budd: Revolutionizing Epidemiology and Public Health in the 19th Century.

William Budd (1811-1880) was a pioneering British physician whose work on infectious diseases, particularly typhoid fever, significantly advanced the understanding of epidemiology and public health in the 19th century. This review examines Budd's life, medical career, and groundbreaking contributions to the study of infectious diseases, focusing on his influential research into the transmission of typhoid fever, advocacy for public health reforms, and lasting legacy in epidemiology. Through meticulous research and innovative thinking, Budd laid the groundwork for modern approaches to disease control and prevention, cementing his place as a key figure in medical history.

Recent Advancements in CoO-Based Composites for Enhanced Electrocatalytic Water Splitting.

The pursuit of efficient and economical catalysts for water splitting, a critical step in hydrogen production, has gained momentum with the increasing demand for sustainable energy. Among the various electrocatalysts developed to date, cobalt oxide (CoO) has emerged as a promising candidate owing to its availability, stability, and catalytic activity. However, intrinsic limitations, including low catalytic activity and poor electrical conductivity, often hinder its effectiveness in electrocatalytic water splitting.

Acute-Onset Bilateral External and Internal Ophthalmoplegia: A Rare Presentation of Miller Fisher Syndrome in a Pediatric Patient.

Miller Fisher syndrome (MFS) is a rare Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) variant. The global incidence of GBS is approximately one to two in 100,000 children (aged 0 to 15 years) per year. Miller Fisher syndrome represents a further small subset, with the incidence being one to two in 1,000,000 children.

Dysregulation of mTOR signalling is a converging mechanism in lissencephaly.

Cerebral cortex development in humans is a highly complex and orchestrated process that is under tight genetic regulation. Rare mutations that alter gene expression or function can disrupt the structure of the cerebral cortex, resulting in a range of neurological conditions. Lissencephaly ('smooth brain') spectrum disorders comprise a group of rare, genetically heterogeneous congenital brain malformations commonly associated with epilepsy and intellectual disability.