Beyond what, to how: Different ways African American adolescents receive ethnic and racial socialization messages.

Objectives: Modes of transmission (MOT) of message content reveal nuances about how ethnic socialization and racial socialization occur. This study shifts the focus beyond "what" messages adolescents receive from caregivers to include "how" messages are communicated about ethnicity and race.

Method: African American adolescents ( = 55, 72% female, = 16.

Maintaining physical activity over time: the importance of basic psychological need satisfaction in developing the physically active self.

Purpose: Drawing from self-determination theory, this study investigated adults' perceptions of the process of long-term maintenance of physical activity and how it may relate to their self-identity.

Design: Qualitative study included 22 in-depth interviews and participants' recorded personal reflective journals.

Setting: Health/fitness facility in a Midwestern city.

Beyond parenting practices: extended kinship support and the academic adjustment of African-American and European-American teens.

This study examined adolescents' perceptions of parenting practices and extended kinship support in relation to academic adjustment for 104 African American and 60 European American 9th and 10th graders (14 and 15 year olds). For African-American teens, parental acceptance was associated with school values, teacher bonding, and work orientation. Higher levels of behavioral control and lower levels of psychological control were associated with a stronger work orientation.

Applying ethnic equivalence and cultural values models to African-American teens' perceptions of parents.

This study evaluated both the parenting styles and family ecologies models with interview responses from 93 14- and 15-year-old African-American adolescents. The parenting styles model was more strongly represented in both open-ended and structured interview responses. Using variables from the structured interview as independent variables, regression analyses contrasted each model with a joint model for predicting self-esteem, self-reliance, work orientation, and ethnic identity.

Domain-specific gender comparisons in identity development among college youth: ideology and relationships.

Gender comparisons were conducted in six social domains of identity development on 210 college students: occupation, religion, politics, dating, sex roles, and friendship. The identity research literature often combines domains to create more global estimates of identity development. Such an approach may obscure differences among the domains, each of which may have different implications for different societal contexts, and for males and females.