Modulation of Gonadotropins Activity by Antibodies.

Gonadotropins are essential for reproduction control in humans as well as in animals. They are widely used all over the world for ovarian stimulation in women, spermatogenesis stimulation in men, and ovulation induction and superovulation in animals. Despite the availability of many different preparations, all are made of the native hormones.

Mariner Transposons Contain a Silencer: Possible Role of the Polycomb Repressive Complex 2.

Transposable elements are driving forces for establishing genetic innovations such as transcriptional regulatory networks in eukaryotic genomes. Here, we describe a silencer situated in the last 300 bp of the Mos1 transposase open reading frame (ORF) which functions in vertebrate and arthropod cells. Functional silencers are also found at similar locations within three other animal mariner elements, i.

Optimization of the piggyBac transposon using mRNA and insulators: toward a more reliable gene delivery system.

Integrating and expressing stably a transgene into the cellular genome remain major challenges for gene-based therapies and for bioproduction purposes. While transposon vectors mediate efficient transgene integration, expression may be limited by epigenetic silencing, and persistent transposase expression may mediate multiple transposition cycles. Here, we evaluated the delivery of the piggyBac transposase messenger RNA combined with genetically insulated transposons to isolate the transgene from neighboring regulatory elements and stabilize expression.

Transposase concentration controls transposition activity: myth or reality?

Deciphering the mechanisms underlying the regulation of DNA transposons might be central to understanding their function and dynamics in genomes. From results obtained under artificial experimental conditions, it has been proposed that some DNA transposons self-regulate their activity via overproduction inhibition (OPI), a mechanism by which transposition activity is down-regulated when the transposase is overconcentrated in cells. However, numerous studies have given contradictory results depending on the experimental conditions.

Reliability of the nanopheres-DNA immunization technology to produce polyclonal antibodies directed against human neogenic proteins.

The molecular domestication of several DNA transposons that occurred during the evolution of the mammalian lineage, has led to the emergence of at least 43 genes, known as neogenes. To date, the limited availability of efficient commercial antibodies directed against most of their protein isoforms hampers investigation of their expression in vitro and in situ. Since immunization protocols using peptides or recombinant proteins have revealed that it is difficult to recover antibodies, we planned to produce antisera in mice using a new technique of nanopheres/DNA immunization, the ICANtibodies™ technology.